应急柴油发电机房的设计（一） Design of Emergency Diesel Generator Room (Part 1)

柴油发电机是一种小型发电设备，系指以柴油等为燃料，以柴油机为原动机带动发电机发电的动力机械。整套机组一般由柴油机、发电机、控制箱、燃油箱、起动和控制用蓄电瓶、保护装置、应急柜等部件组成。可用于各种家庭、办公室、大中小型企业日常发电以及应急发电。

  柴油发电机组是柴油发动机与发电机（通常是交流发电机）的组合以产生电能。 柴油压燃式发动机通常设计成在燃油上运行，但是有一些类型适用于其他液体燃料或天然气。发电机是将其他形式的能源转换成电能的机械设备。

  随着社会的发展，人民生活水平的提高，在现代民用建筑当中，用电设备的种类和数量越来越多，在这些用电设备当中，不仅有消防泵、喷淋泵等消防设备，还有需要可靠供电的生活泵、电梯等用电设备，为满足这些设备用电的可靠性，当市政电网无法提供两路独立电源时，在设计中采用柴油发电机组作为备用电源的方法被普遍采用。

  虽然柴油燃点较高，发生火灾危险性相对较小，但是在民用建筑中是将柴油发电机组设置在建筑物主体内，从理论上来说肯定还是有危险性的，再考虑到机组运行过程中通风、噪音、振动等问题，无疑需要我们全面考虑并采取充分的防范措施，发电机房位置的选择和布置如下：

一、考虑到发电机房的进风、排风排烟等情况，根据《民用建筑电气设计规范》的要求，柴油发电机房宜布置在首层，但是，通常大型公共建筑、商业建筑等民用建筑首层属黄金地带，并且首层会给周围环境带来一定的噪音，因此按规范规定，在确有困难时，也可布置在地下室，由于地下室出入不易，自然通风条件不良，给机房设计带来一系列不利因素，设计时要注意好，机房选址时应注意以下几点:

 1、不应设在四周无外墙的房间，为热风管道和排烟管道排出室外创造条件；

 2、尽量避开建筑物的主入口、正立面等部位，以免排风、排烟对其造成影响；

 3、注意噪音对环境的影响；

 4、不应设在厕所、浴室或其它经常积水场所的正下方和贴邻；

 5、宜靠近建筑物的变电所，这样便于接线，减少电能的损耗，也便于管理；

 6、不应靠近防微振的房间；

 7、机房内设储油间。

二、机房的布置

 1、柴油发电机房应采用耐火极限不低于200小时的隔墙和1.50小时的楼板与其它部位隔开；

 2、机房应有两个出入口，其中一个出口的大小应满足搬运机组的要求，门应采取防火、隔音措施，并应向外开启；

 3、机房四周墙体及天花板作吸声体，吸收部分声能，减少由于声波反射产生的混响声；

 4、机房内设备的布置应满足《民用建筑电气设计规范》的要求，力求紧凑、保证安全及便于操作和维护。

A diesel generator is a small power generation device that refers to a power machinery that uses diesel or other fuels and a diesel engine as the prime mover to drive the generator to generate electricity. The entire unit is generally composed of components such as a diesel engine, generator, control box, fuel tank, starting and control battery, protective device, emergency cabinet, etc. Can be used for daily power generation and emergency power generation in various households, offices, large, medium and small enterprises.

A diesel generator set is a combination of a diesel engine and a generator (usually an AC generator) to generate electrical energy. Diesel compression ignition engines are typically designed to run on fuel, but there are some types that are suitable for other liquid fuels or natural gas. A generator is a mechanical device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy.

With the development of society and the improvement of people's living standards, there are more and more types and quantities of electrical equipment in modern civil buildings. Among these electrical equipment, there are not only fire-fighting equipment such as fire pumps and sprinkler pumps, but also electrical equipment such as domestic pumps and elevators that require reliable power supply. In order to meet the reliability of power supply for these equipment, when the municipal power grid cannot provide two independent power sources, the method of using diesel generator sets as backup power sources in the design is widely adopted.

Although diesel has a high ignition point and a relatively low risk of fire, it is theoretically still dangerous to install diesel generator sets inside the main structure of civil buildings. Considering the ventilation, noise, vibration and other issues during the operation of the units, it is undoubtedly necessary for us to comprehensively consider and take sufficient preventive measures. The selection and layout of the generator room location are as follows:

1、 Considering the intake, exhaust and smoke exhaust of the generator room, according to the requirements of the "Code for Electrical Design of Civil Buildings", the diesel generator room should be arranged on the first floor. However, the first floor of large public buildings, commercial buildings and other civil buildings is usually a golden zone, and the first floor will bring certain noise to the surrounding environment. Therefore, according to the regulations, when there are difficulties, it can also be arranged in the basement. Due to the difficulty of entering and exiting the basement and poor natural ventilation conditions, a series of adverse factors are brought to the design of the generator room. When selecting the location of the generator room, attention should be paid to the following points:

1. It should not be located in rooms without external walls, creating conditions for hot air ducts and smoke exhaust ducts to be discharged outdoors;

2. Try to avoid the main entrance, facade and other parts of the building as much as possible to avoid the impact of exhaust and smoke exhaust on them;

3. Pay attention to the impact of noise on the environment;

4. It should not be located directly below or adjacent to toilets, bathrooms, or other places that frequently accumulate water;

5. It is advisable to locate the substation near the building, which facilitates wiring, reduces energy loss, and is also easy to manage;

6. Should not approach rooms that are anti vibration;

7. There is an oil storage room in the computer room.

2、 Layout of the computer room

1. The diesel generator room should be separated from other parts by partition walls with a fire resistance limit of not less than 200 hours and floor slabs with a fire resistance limit of 1.50 hours;

2. The computer room should have two entrances and exits, one of which should be sized to meet the requirements of the handling unit. The door should be equipped with fire prevention and sound insulation measures, and should open outward;

3. The walls and ceilings around the computer room are equipped with sound absorbers to absorb some of the sound energy and reduce the reverberation caused by sound wave reflection;

4. The layout of equipment in the computer room should meet the requirements of the "Code for Electrical Design of Civil Buildings", striving for compactness, safety, and ease of operation and maintenance.